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Sources:

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2 - Minns, E.P.J. et al. (2023) ‘Hugs, not bullets’: Government policy and cartel violence in Mexico, Australian Institute of International Affairs. Available at: https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/hugs-not-bullets-government-policy-and-cartel-violence-in-mexico/ (Accessed: 31 October 2023).

3 - Carlson, B. (2013) Quote of the day: Mexican president blames violence on ‘drug addict’ U.S., The Atlantic. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2010/06/quote-of-the-day-mexican-president-blames-violence-on-drug-addict-u-s/345192/ (Accessed: 31 October 2023).

4 - Vulliamy, Ed. Amexica: War Along the Borderline. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010.

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6 -Drug cartel (2023) Encyclopædia Britannica. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/drug-cartel (Accessed: 31 October 2023).

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8 - IBID

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13 - IBID

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16 - La guerra improvisada: los años de Calderón y sus consecuencias, Guadalupe Correa-Cabrera, Tony Payan, Oceáno, 2021

17 - https://www.ft.com/content/317c1bbc-ab01-11db-b5db-0000779e2340

18 - Chase, I. (2022) The kingpin strategy: More violence, no peace, SHOC RUSI. Available at: https://shoc.rusi.org/blog/the-kingpin-strategy-more-violence-no-peace/ (Accessed: 31 October 2023).

19 - Peña Nieto team decries past drug cartel strategy - and keeps it (2012) Los Angeles Times. Available at: https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2012-dec-21-la-fg-mexico-kingpin-20121222-story.html (Accessed: 31 October 2023).

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25 - Ex-mexican secretary of public security Genaro Garcia Luna convicted of engaging in a continuing criminal enterprise and taking millions in cash bribes from the Sinaloa Cartel (2023) Eastern District of New York | Ex-Mexican Secretary of Public Security Genaro Garcia Luna Convicted of Engaging in a Continuing Criminal Enterprise and Taking Millions in Cash Bribes from the Sinaloa Cartel | United States Department of Justice. Available at: https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/ex-mexican-secretary-public-security-genaro-garcia-luna-convicted-engaging-continuing (Accessed: 31 October 2023).

26 - Esberg, J. (2022) Why Mexico’s kingpin strategy failed: Targeting leaders led to more criminal groups and more violence, Modern War Institute. Available at: https://mwi.westpoint.edu/why-mexicos-kingpin-strategy-failed-targeting-leaders-led-to-more-criminal-groups-and-more-violence/ (Accessed: 31 October 2023).

27 - IBID

28 - Mexico’s kingpin strategy against the Drug Cartels (2016) The New York Times. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/02/16/world/americas/mexicos-kingpin-strategy-against-the-drug-cartels.html (Accessed: 31 October 2023).

29 - Mexico’s president under pressure over ‘hugs not bullets’ cartel policy (2019) The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/05/mexicos-security-failure-grisly-cartel-shootout-shows-who-holds-the-power (Accessed: 31 October 2023).

30 - Mexico’s president says he would support peace agreement with cartels (2023) The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/31/mexico-president-peace-agreement-cartels (Accessed: 31 October 2023).

31 - “Mexico Murder/Homicide Rate 1990-2023 | MacroTrends.” Macrotrends, https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/MEX/mexico/murder-homicide-rate. Accessed 31 October 2023.

32 - “Claudia Sheinbaum se manifestó en contra de "la guerra del narco" en la CDMX.” El Economista, 15 April 2018, https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/Claudia-Sheinbaum-se-manifesto-en-contra-de-la-guerra-del-narco-en-la-CDMX-20180415-0014.html. Accessed 31 October 2023.

33 - Trujillo, Teresa Martínez. “Data on Political & Electoral Violence in Mexico, 2020-2021.” Noria Research, https://noria-research.com/data-on-electoral-violence-mexico-2020-2021/. Accessed 31 October 2023.

34 - Carbajal, Braulio. “Corrupción y 'narco' asedian el millonario negocio del aguacate.” La Jornada, 11 February 2023, https://www.jornada.com.mx/notas/2023/02/11/reportaje/corrupcion-y-narco-asedian-el-millonario-negocio-del-aguacate/. Accessed 31 October 2023.

35 - Hernandez, Valerie. “The Mexican Economy Is the Clear Winner in Latin America in 2023.” International Banker, 9 August 2023, https://internationalbanker.com/finance/the-mexican-economy-is-the-clear-winner-in-latin-america-in-2023/. Accessed 31 October 2023.

36 - Pedraza, Lisdey Espinoza. “Education reforms in Mexico: what challenges lie ahead? | British Council.” British Council | Opportunities and insight, 15 August 2023, https://opportunities-insight.britishcouncil.org/blog/education-reforms-mexico-what-challenges-lie-ahead. Accessed 31 October 2023.

37 - “Mexico Murder/Homicide Rate 1990-2023 | MacroTrends.” Macrotrends, https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/MEX/mexico/murder-homicide-rate. Accessed 31 October 2023.

38 - Mann, Brian. “Fentanyl sparks drug overdose record.” NPR, 18 May 2023, https://www.npr.org/2023/05/18/1176830906/overdose-death-2022-record. Accessed 31 October 2023.

39 - Kryt, Jeremy. “Colombia Considers the Ultimate Strike Against Cartels: Legalizing Cocaine.” The Daily Beast, 7 December 2020, https://www.thedailybeast.com/colombia-considers-the-ultimate-strike-against-cartels-legalizing-cocaine. Accessed 31 October 2023.

40 - Quijano, Mauricio J. “Cocaine Legalization is the Least Worst Option for my Native Colombia.” Mississippi Free Press, 25 January 2022, https://www.mississippifreepress.org/20037/cocaine-legalization-is-the-least-worst-option-for-my-native-colombia. Accessed 31 October 2023.

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